Louise Emsell^1,2, Alexander Leemans³, Wim Van Hecke^4,5, Camilla Langan², Gareth J Barker⁶, Peter McCarthy², Stefan Sunaert¹, Dara Cannon², and Colm McDonald^2
1Radiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, ²NUI Galway, Ireland, ³Image Sciences Institute, UMC Utrecht, Netherlands, ⁴University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium,⁵icoMetrix, Belgium, ⁶Department of Neuroimaging, King's College London,Institute of Psychiatry, United Kingdom

Structural brain changes detected by diffusion tensor tractography have been reported in bipolar disorder. However the investigation of heterogeneous clinical populations and the limitations of the tensor model for tractography have resulted in contradictory findings. We used high angular resolution diffusion imaging and a constrained spherical deconvolution approach to improve tract delineation in crossing-fibre regions. We investigated anatomically defined subdivisions of the corpus callosum, cingulum and fornix in a sample of 35 prospectively confirmed euthymic bipolar 1 disorder patients and 44 healthy controls. We detected widespread reductions in fractional anisotropy and increases in diffusivity measures in patients compared to controls.

Ni Shu¹, Qingjiu Cao², Li Sun², Li An², Peng Wang², Jinhui Wang¹, Mingrui Xia¹, Yufeng Wang², and Yong He^1
1State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, Beijing, China, ²Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China

In this study, we used diffusion tensor imaging and graph theoretical approaches to investigate the whole-brain white-matter connectional architecture in ADHD patients. We found disrupted topological organization of white¨Cmatter structural networks in ADHD patients. Both decreased and increased connections in the patients were mainly located in the frontal regions, insula and striatum structures, providing evidence for the hypothesis of abnormal fronto-striatal-insular circuitry in ADHD. Specifically, the disrupted connections in the fronto-insular component were associated with the inattention performances in patients, improving our understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying the behavior deficits in patients with ADHD.

Milan Scheidegger^1,2, Martin Walter³, Mick Lehmann², Coraline Metzger³, Simone Grimm^2,4, Heinz Boeker², Peter Boesiger¹, Erich Seifritz², and Anke Henning^1
1Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, ²Clinic of Affective Disorders and General Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, ³Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany, ⁴Cluster Languages of Emotion, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Using resting state fMRI (rsfMRI), the „dorsal nexus“ (DN) was recently identified as a dorsomedial prefrontal cortex region showing increased depression-associated fMRI connectivity with portions of the cognitive control (CCN), the default mode (DMN), and the affective (AN) network. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study we report decreased connectivity of the sgACC (AN) and PCC (DMN) via the DN 24 hours following the administration of an antidepressant dose of ketamine. We conclude that reducing the hyperconnectivity via the DN may play a critical role in reducing depressive symptomatology and thus represent a systems level mechanism of antidepressant treatment response.

Kayako Matsuo¹, S.H. Annabel Chen², Chih-Min Liu³, Chen-Chung Liu³, Hai-Go Hwu³, and Wen-Yih I Tseng^1
1National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ²Division of Psychology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, ³Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

We applied verbal working memory (VWM) fMRI to investigate schizophrenia specifically focusing on the cerebellum. We designed high and low load conditions to examine two contrasts: high > low load contrast for the VWM activation, and low > high load contrast for the default mode network (DMN) “deactivation�. The VWM contrast activation overlapped with the Cerebellum VI, Crus I and Vermis. In contrast, the DMN contrast yielded activation in the Crus II of the cerebellum. An extensive “deactivation� observed in the control group but not in the schizophrenia group might be an indicator of the disease.

Lihua Qiu¹, Xiaoqi Huang¹, Qizhu Wu¹, Shiguang Li¹, Su Lui¹, Peiyu Huang², and Qiyong Gong^1
1Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, ²Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

Past studies applied Support Vector Machine (SVM) using structural MRI data had yielded some promising results in distinguish psychiatric disorders. However, only volumetric information had been consideration in those past studies. In the present study, we use multiparameter(seven morphometric parameters including volumetric and geometric features on grey matter) classification approach to distinguish first-episode, drug-naïve MDD patients from normal controls. Among all parameters, we found cortical thickness measurement showed the highest accuracy in revealing group differences between control and MDD. Current study provided new approach which might be useful for translational application of MRI in future.

Shaolin Yang^1,2, Olusola Ajilore¹, Minjie Wu¹, Melissa Lamar¹, and Anand Kumar^1
1Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States, ²Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States

Type 2 diabetes and major depression are disorders that are mutual risk factors. In this study, we examined the brain biophysical abnormalities in patients with both type 2 diabetes and major depression using magnetization transfer imaging. The subject population consisted of 4 groups: patients with type 2 diabetes and major depression, patients with either disease alone, and controls. We found the magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) in right head of caudate nucleus was significantly lower in patients with both diseases when compared with controls and the MTRs in patients with either disease alone were also significantly lower but with intermediate values.

Yarong Wang¹, Jia Zhu¹, Qiang Li¹, Wei Li¹, Ning Wu¹, Haifeng Chang¹, Ying Zheng¹, and Wei Wang^1
1Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital,The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Though MRI studies have associated heroin use with a large scale structural and functional brain abnormalities, few fMRI studies focused on the balance between local neuronal activity and global integrative processes during a resting-state in heroin-dependent individuals (HD). Measurement of amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) can successfully characterize the nature and extent of signal change underlying spontaneous neuronal activities in HD. This paper strongly emphasizes the association between the heroin-use-induced ALFF alteration and the resting-state functional connectivity of these brain regions, and reveals a heroin-use-related dysfunction of frontostriatal cortical system, the substrate of an impaired inhibitory control in HD.

Fei Li¹, Su Lui¹, Wei Deng², Xiaoqi Huang¹, Qizhu Wu¹, Tao Li², and Qiyong Gong^1
1Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, chengdu, sichuan, China,²Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, People

Our current study demonstrated long-term (2 years) effect of second-generation antipsychotic drugs on cerebral function of schizophrenia patients using the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rfMRI) signal

Gabriele Ende¹, Markus Sack¹, Nuran Tunc-Skarka¹, Wolfgang Weber-Fahr¹, Mareen Hoerst¹, Anne Krause-Utz², Anne-Christine Reitz², Sylvia Cackowski², and Christian Schmahl^2
1Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany, ²Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany

Dysfunction and deficits in the structure of the anterior cingulate cortex as well as increased impulsivity have been reported in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Loss or dysfunction of GABAergic neurotransmission is associated with many neurological and psychiatric conditions. We report first GABA data from the ACC of 20 female BPD patients and 24 female healthy controls from an ongoing study. Two MEGA-PRESS edited spectra were obtained: with and without macromolecule (MM) suppression. Decreased GABA was found in the MM suppressed GABA data concordant with functional deficits observed in BPD patients.

Leslie Baxter¹, Gary Grove², Ryan Smith¹, Perri Handley¹, Michael Purcell¹, Francisco Ponce³, and Robert Spetzler^3
1Neuroimaging Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States, ²Private Practice, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States, ³Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States

Deep Brain Stimulation is a new intervention for treating severe depression; however, response rates may be improved with fMRI if the region in the dysfunctional subgenual cingulate is better targeted. We developed a novel fMRI sadness induction paradigm that collects standardized blocks of data within a “flexible-block” design. Specifically, when subjects attain the targeted emotional state (sad or neutral), they trigger a standardized 30” block through a button press. Only those blocks are analyzed in the post-processing steps. Our preliminary data show that depressed patients can perform this task and generally show greater subgenual responsivity compared to controls.